That is to say, generally speaking, the following holds true:

Object’s Incident Flux = Reflected Flux + Absorbed Flux + Transmitted Flux

Based on this, it is possible to represent this relationship as follows:

However, it must be noted that the relative proportion between these 3 factors will vary depending on the interrelationship between the composition of matter (atoms/molecules), incident light wavelength (oscillation frequency), and other conditions (angle of incidence for the object, the object’s surface conditions, etc.). For typical matter (excluding fluorescent matter), this relationship holds true for each wavelength constituent, which allows us to define the 1st member of the right side of the above equation as spectral reflectance R ( λ ), the 2nd member as the spectral absorption factor A ( λ ), and the 3rd member as spectral transmittance T ( λ ), thereby giving us the following equation:

The variation in appearance of various objects under identical white lighting conditions can be explained as a result of differences within the visible range of spectral reflectance R ( λ ) and spectral transmittance T( λ ) for various objects ≪*Part 1 -Article 12 and Article 13 ≫. In other words, spectral reflectance R ( λ ) and spectral transmittance T ( λ ), which can be understood as physical phenomenon, cause the human eye to register a certain “color,” among other things, and as this physical phenomenon is not only limited to the visible range of light, it also occurs when processing light within the infrared band and ultraviolet band. Furthermore, the types of interactions between the molecules/atoms that compose matter and light vary widely depending on the wavelength range of the light (oscillation frequency), and as a result, the phenomena that manifest themselves through such interactions indeed exhibit a wide variety of appearances.

First, it is important to note that the absorption of light by matter is one of the types of interaction between light and matter. Using the example of the phenomenon of absorption, we will examine how light (electromagnetic waves) and matter interact with each other.
Light (electromagnetic waves) possesses both fluctuation and particulate characteristics, and by focusing on the particulate characteristics of photons, it can be observed that energy E is proportional to the oscillation frequency ν (inversely proportional to wavelength λ ).

H: Planck’s constant ( h = 6.626×10^-34 J･s )
C: Speed of light in a vacuum (c = 2.998×10⁸ m/s) ( c = ν･λ )

For this reason, the larger the oscillation frequency (the shorter the wavelength), the larger the photon energy will become, and the relationship between photon energy can be understood as follows: ultraviolet > visible light > infrared.
With that said, it must be noted that the atoms (nuclei and electrons)/molecules that compose matter are not at rest, and that a variety of different types of energy states exist, such as that caused by the energy excitation of electrons, vibrations occurring between the atoms that compose the molecules, molecular rotation, etc.
When matter is subjected to incident electromagnetic waves, and for cases where there is a specific relationship between the molecular/atomic energy state of matter and the energy of the incident electromagnetic waves (energy of the vibrating electrical field/magnetic field), a resonance interaction will occur, causing the energy possessed by the electromagnetic wave to be transferred to the matter, thereby causing the matter to activate, resulting in elimination of the incident electromagnetic wave. This is referred to as the absorption of electromagnetic waves by matter.
The atomic/molecular energy state can be roughly divided into 3 types (①, ②, and ③), as shown below.

①Electron Excitation State

Electrons, contained within atoms that compose matter, possess energy that cannot be represented using a continuous value, and they are known to possess multiple, discrete energy states. This is referred to as the electron energy level, and it can be represented by the ground level, for which energy is the lowest (electron ground state), and the excited level, for which it is in an energetically activated state (electron excited state).

For each type of matter, the types of atoms/molecules they are composed of and the way in which they are combined (molecular vibrations and molecular rotation states caused by their molecular binding conditions) differ greatly, and accordingly, the energy value for the individual excitation states for ①, ②, and ③ will assume a value that is inherent to the type of matter in question. As a result, if a specified relationship exists between the current atomic/molecular energy state of the matter in question and the oscillation frequency (wavelength) of the incident electromagnetic wave, transference of energy from the electromagnetic wave to matter (atoms/molecules) caused by resonance/interactions will occur, resulting in the elimination of the electromagnetic wave (absorption of electromagnetic waves by matter).
Among these 3 types of energy states, the electron excitation state described in ① is the largest, and the rotational excitation state described in ③ is the smallest. In other words, from the perspective of wavelength, the following can be said:
The electron excitation state described in ① is equivalent to ultraviolet to visible light electromagnetic wave (light) wavelength band energy,
While the vibrational excitation state described in ② is equivalent to mid-infrared to far-infrared electromagnetic wave (light) wavelength band energy,
While the rotational excitation state described in ③ is equivalent to the wavelength band energy of microwaves and broadcasting waves that possess wavelengths that exceed the range of longer wavelength “light.”
Temperature, in its truest essence, can be understood as a representation of the degree of vibrational activation of the molecules/atoms of matter. In rough terms, it can be assumed that the higher the temperature is, the more active the atomic/molecular vibrations are. At the theoretically lowest temperature of absolute zero (0K), atomic vibrations are at their extreme lowest state, and from this state, it is understood that as energy is obtained and atomic vibrations become more active, temperature also increases. The phenomena that are most highly related to such temperature increases include vibrational excitation (②) and rotational excitation (③). For example, such things as home-use infrared heaters cause mid-infrared to far-infrared band infrared wave (infrared radiation) energy to be absorbed/converted into vibrational energy in objects (the human body or blankets, etc.), thereby resulting in increased temperatures.
Over time, such vibrational excitation and rotational excitation energy states will return to their original ground state, due to the external release of such excitation energy in the form of electromagnetic waves (light). This energy release results in temperature decreases in such matter (cooling).
On the other hand, what can be said about the visible light to ultraviolet radiation band, for which wavelengths are shorter than that of infrared light? The energy for photons within such ranges is much larger than the atomic/molecular vibrational excitation energy, and for this range, such energy is generally equivalent to electron excitation energy. In other words, if matter is subjected to incident photons (for the visible light to near-infrared range), the phenomenon of absorption occurs as a result of excitation of the electrons contained within the matter. Since the atoms/molecules that compose each individual type of matter vary greatly, the energy value necessary for electron excitation will also vary widely. For this reason, the wavelengths of the photons involved in electron excitation will vary depending on the type of matter present. This can be observed in the differences in the spectral absorption factor (resulting in differences in spectral reflectivity and spectral transmittance) seen for different types of matter.
For light within the ultraviolet range, for which wavelengths are even shorter (higher oscillation frequency), photon energy will become larger than electron excitation energy, and electron excitation will not be sufficient to absorb such energy, ultimately leading to destruction of the molecular bonds of the matter. If such molecular bonds are destroyed, they cannot be restored, and this will result in alteration of the matter. This effect gradually becomes noticeable in the short wavelength range of the visible light band, and as one moves from the near-ultraviolet to far-ultraviolet band, toward shorter wavelength ranges, this effect becomes more evident. For us humans, it is common for us to experience such things as skin inflammation or to sustain damage to the eyes when exposed to the strong ultraviolet rays present in the direct sunlight during mid-summer, and this damage to the molecular structures that form our body are caused by the near-ultraviolet rays (UV-A to UV-B) contained in sunlight ≪*: Part 1 - Article 2≫. Additionally, ultraviolet germicidal lamps make use of UV-C ultraviolet rays, which possess a wavelength that is much shorter than that of UV-B, in order to destroy the nucleic acids (DNA) contained in bacteria, thereby providing a sterilizing effect ≪*: Part 1 - Article 3≫. Such effects are, of course, harmful to the skin and eyes of the human body, and it is necessary to exercise great caution when handling such equipment.
By taking advantage of the fact that individual types of matter possess unique electromagnetic wave absorption wavelengths, it is also possible to perform analysis/identification of matter by means of spectroscopic absorption measurement.

In the case of solids, photons that have not been absorbed by solid particles (atoms/molecules) on an object’s surface, and that have internally penetrated an object (photons that pass straight through or are scattered) also encounter the particles that compose matter, in rapid succession, and for such photons, the shorter the wavelength, the more such photons are subjected to exponential multiple scattering, leading to drastic attenuation of “directly-transmitted components,” which in turn results in increased omni-directional uniformity of the direction of travel. Since photons with a long wavelength are less susceptible to scattering, the direction of travel does not become as uniform as for that of short wavelength photons, and this results in the presence of a considerable amount of residual “directly-transmitted components.” By this reasoning, for longer wavelength photons, for which more directly-transmitted components remain (for cases where the object is thin), the amount of photons that penetrate (transmit) through to the other side of the object are higher (regularly transmitted light). Among those photons, which undergo changes to their direction of travel due to the effects of scattering, those that are emitted through to the other side of the object can be observed as diffused transmitted light. In such a way, transmitted light, in a macro sense, is composed of regularly transmitted light and diffused transmitted light.
In addition to the bundle of photons (regularly transmitted light) that are scattered toward the regular reflection direction of the incident-side space on the object surface, a portion of the scattered photon bundle (diffused reflected components re-emitted within the incident-side space) will overlap within the object, forming reflected light, in the macroscopic sense of the word.

Notes

≪*1≫

In Japanese, the term ultraviolet radiation (ultraviolet rays) is used to indicate light that is “outside of the violet range” (violet being the shortest wavelength light within the visible range of light), and infrared radiation (infrared rays) is used to indicate light that possesses a wavelength that is longer than red light (which is the longest wavelength light within the visible range of light), whereas in the English language, the terms UV (ultraviolet radiation) and IR (infrared radiation) are used.
When examining these terms, there is a slight sense of incongruity with the usage of the English prefixes “ultra-”and “infra-.” Although the prefix “ultra-” can mean “equal to or more” or “beyond,” while “infra-” can mean “at or below” or “less than,” the usage here of these prefixes in relation to wavelength is reversed. Why is this?
In modern times, mankind has frequently engaged in discussions on the various characteristics of light, in terms of “wavelength,” causing such questions to arise, however, by examining the historical background within which the existence of light (in the broadest sense of the term) outside of the visible range of light (ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation) was discovered and researched, the meanings of these English prefixes become more apparent.
The discovery of the existence of ultraviolet radiation and infrared radiation is a result of explorations into the cause of phenomena whereby various types of everyday matter undergo changes when exposed to irradiation by sunlight, etc., and such explorations eventually led to the discovery of such forms of radiation that are invisible to the naked eye. In other words, research on the interactions/effects of light on objects traces its origins to studies on how the degree of this effect on an object varies in accordance with the “energy” of the light the object is irradiated with (oscillation frequency of light), hence, the term “ultra-violet” was chosen to indicate that ultraviolet radiation possesses photon energy larger than that of visible radiation, and that it is outside of the range of violet light, and it is thought that the term “infra-red” was chosen to indicate that infrared radiation possesses photon energy that is smaller than that of visible light, and that it is outside of the range of red light (since the days of Newton, until roughly the 18th century, light was often considered to be a type of particle).

≪*2≫

It must be noted, however, that for solids, the density of particles that result in scattering is significantly different from that found for gaseous bodies, and furthermore, depending on whether the matter is metallic or non-metallic (whether it possesses free electrons or not), such physical behavior affecting scattering will differ, leading to questions as to whether one can rely on the simple theory that scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the wavelength, but for our purposes, it should be sufficient to assume that such phenomenon is occurring under such general conditions.

≪*3≫

For light that is within the range of the mid-infrared/far-infrared range, absorption is thought to increase since this corresponds with the vibrational excitation/rotational excitation range, leading to a decrease in transmittance.